Posts by Symptomsky

Now, This over here is the thyroid gland. It is located in the area of the neck. If within this gland, Solid or fluid-filled lumps form. We call them Thyroid Nodules. If you have been diagnosed with thyroid nodules or you assume you have them. The first thing to understand is that most of them are benign in their nature and you shouldn’t be scared. This however does not mean that you should not consult a doctor and have it examined. A few things that might be done in this case are lab results to analyze levels of thyroid hormones or calcitonin and the tsh hormone but besides these lab results, That are usually easier to analyze an ultrasound or a medical imaging procedure called centigraphy might be required. this is where skills of a clinician come into play because recognizing a dangerous cancer on an ultrasound display is not the only challenge here. visualizing this cancer is also hard. iI is a matter of practice and competence but if these nodules indeed are cancerous and malignant. What types of cancer are we actually talking about here but before i explain the outcome, possible outcomes. I have to ask you something. A lot of people have thyroid nodules and youtube and other websites will not suggest them my videos unless you subscribe and like the video that’s the only way their algorithms can actually see that you like my video. Well, Cancers can sometimes have an excellent prognosis and this is something that is usually told to thyroid cancer patients because luckily they suffer from the so called papillary carcinoma. The papillary carcinoma has an excellent prognosis and under a microscopic investigation. Its cells have nuclei that appear empty and rounded another type of cancer that can develop in the thyroid gland is follicular cancer and follicular cancer usually invades the thyroid capsule and its vasculature a well-differentiated. Follicular cancer would normally have cells that can produce thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin is used as a screening marker for this cancer. The third type of thyroid cancer is rather rare and it produces calcitonin. Under microscopic examination, We might find somewhat larger more granulated chromatin. Additionally amyloid fragments are present as well so in this case. Calcitonin is a very important screening factor for this cancer. This third type of cancer i’ve just described is called medullary cancer and the first two types of cancer i described were well differentiated. This means that their original functions and characteristics are still somewhat present. It means that their own self-regulation mechanisms do not allow them. Some extremely aggressive growth and also their characteristics to take in iodine make them a great target for radioactive iodine therapy for a less differentiated cancer such as medullary cancer. Radioactive therapy makes no sense but because it can produce calcitonin we can use this as a screening marker to diagnose it as early as possible but what if some cancers just change too much and they lose almost all of their initial functions and characteristics and just become extremely aggressive towards the surrounding tissue. We call that an undifferentiated cancer and sadly such cancers can also happen in the thyroid gland. Anaplastic cancer is an undifferentiated type of thyroid gland cancer and it has the worst prognosis of all the thyroid gland cancers. Treatment of this cancer consists of surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy and even with such invasive management and an aggressive radio and chemotherapy options. This cancer sadly has a poor prognosis. So, Three most important situations where a doctor can show his competence and skills are the following first listening to the patient and trying to figure out these additional signs that might come with these thyroid nodules and might indicate that a malignant disease is present. The second situation where doctor’s competence is truly tested is the ultrasound examination. Certain characteristics of these thyroid nodules during the ultrasound examination indicate that changes we see are indeed malignant and the third situation is of course if this malignant cancer is diagnosed and a surgery has to be performed surgical removal of the thyroid gland can cause damage to the laryngeal nerve but also parathyroid glands which can be found right next to the thyroid gland. This can ultimately result in additional symptoms and in a condition called hyperparathyroidism. So, from the start till the end. From the start of examination until the end of treatment doctors competence is really tested. A skilled and a well-educated doctor should be able to perform these kinds of examinations and show his competence and skills during a surgery or an ultrasound examination. So, Both of you doctors and patients, We have something for you if you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you’re a patient and you have more questions about thyroid nodules or thyroid cancers then go to simtomsky.com/help/thyroid-cancer

This is the thyroid gland. The gland that is responsible for production of fd3 and fd4 hormones and it is responsible for regulation of so many things in the human body. An overactive thyroid gland is medically called hyperthyroidism. Suffering from hyperthyroidism can be extremely frustrating but also damaging to one’s health and life quality, Being nervous, having an increased appetite, sleep issues as well as palpitations or even sexual dysfunction. All of those are horrors and traumas through which hyperthyroidism patients have to go through and just when they got their diagnosis and inappropriate therapy was planned. They might feel that they are in good hands that is often the case and hyperthyroidism can be successfully treated. However, Performing surgeries on a thyroid gland or using radiation on it can actually damage small other glands that are right next to them. Those tiny clans over here are the parathyroid glands. It’s not just about the fact that some doctors are not up to it and well these clans are incredibly small and it can be hard to notice them and therefore they can be damaged by the operating surgeon. So, What do these parathyroid glands do well before i explain that i would have to ask you to help me with something. You see youtube and other websites, They only suggest videos to the people if the videos have enough of likes and if the channels get enough of subscribers. So, to help me reach more people with thyroid and parathyroid gland issues you can now subscribe to our channel or like this video if you want to.

But now back to the topic of the parathyroid glands. Well, They produce a hormone called the pth that is the parathyroid hormone and the parathyroid hormone is responsible for increasing calcium levels in the blood serum and they can do that by increasing the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract. Definitely not in the esophagus and but later in the gastrointestinal tract they can. The parathyroid hormone can stimulate the absorption of the calcium. It can also do so by stimulating the resorption of calcium from bones. Such as for example, the femur bone over here a humerus bone over here and a resorption of calcium from the primary urine in the kidneys. So, Those are the ways how parathyroid hormone can increase the calcium levels in the blood. So, During a surgical removal of the thyroid gland or performing some other surgeries on the thyroid gland can actually disrupt or also remove these smaller parathyroid glands and ultimately cause various symptoms. These symptoms can be general but also somewhat more specific because calcium is not absorbed from the kidneys. It can actually cause kidney stones. Patients may generally feel that their life quality is reduced and their overall well-being. It’s just not the way it should be, Depression for example is one of the symptoms of the damage of the parathyroid glands. Besides these less obvious symptoms bronchospasms with difficulty of breathing and seizures with violent muscle contractions can happen. So, How can we actually know if the these parathyroid glands were actually damaged because i have explained that symptoms might not be so obvious and some general feeling of sadness and depression or kidney stones might be the initial signs to recognize them early on and to plan the appropriate therapy for this condition. Only a skilled medical professional should assess the patient’s health and confirm the diagnosis. There is a successful and proven way to treat this condition. Both doctors and patients, We have something for you if you’re also a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you’re a patient and you want to know more about this condition then go to symtomsky.com/help/hypothyroidism

We all know that Hyperpigmentation can be hard to treat. You probably read that you have to avoid sun exposure and use topical creams. Well, That might somehow help you. In fact, They do help sometimes but what if that is not the case and what if all of these recommendations and remedies are not bringing any results. Well, The truth is that some cases of hyperpigmentation are caused by some underlying and potentially even dangerous medical condition. One such condition is addison’s disease. Adison’s disease can be described as adrenal gland deficiency and this over here is the adrenal gland. It sits right on top of kidneys on both sides of the body. In medicine, We would say bilaterally hyperpigmentation in your toes, knuckles, elbows or inside of your cheeks skin folds. Those are all places where addison’s disease can cause hyperpigmentation but before i explain additional signs and symptoms of this condition and how to diagnose it. I have to ask you something. You see youtube and other websites. They suggest our videos to people if we get enough of likes and subscribers and a lot of people suffer from hyperpigmentation and other symptoms that addison’s disease can cause. So, You can help us, Help these people if by just liking this video or subscribing. So, What are these additional signs that might indicate that a patient is indeed suffering from addison’s disease that is the adrenal gland insufficiency. Well, These additional signs might include feeling nauseous, vomiting, stomach pain with weight loss. All of these symptoms are primarily caused by the lack of cortisol that is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland. These symptoms are quite general and can be caused by many other diseases but if you analyze and examine the patient closely. You might notice that symptoms which are correlating with the lack of androgens or aldosterone hormone might be present as well. This gland not only produces cortisol which is called the stress hormone. It also produces aldosterone which is important for blood pressure and electrolyte levels. It is also important for production of androgens, important for libido sexual drive and even mental state and health. So, It’s no surprise that adrenal gland insufficiency can also cause depression but really connecting all of these symptoms and pinpointing the exact cause of these problems hyperpigmentation and depression. They’re somehow related, You know normally you think of depression as something in your head because you’re sad or lack of feelings or drive to do things but hyperpigmentation is somewhere on your feet or on you or on your elbow. So, Having all of these symptoms it’s making it hard to pinpoint the exact cause of these problems because these symptoms are very general additional problems that we’re dealing with when diagnosing. This condition is that not all symptoms have to appear right away. You can have some of these symptoms but you don’t have to have all of them. Sometimes, These symptoms of adrenal insufficiency would only appear in certain situations when there is an active infection going on or some other stress for the body. So, Hyperpigmentation can be accompanied with a lot of general symptoms that are not really specific and also as i just explained must not appear all the time. So, hyperpigmentation is something that we can see. It’s a simple change of color of your skin but so how do we actually diagnose this condition and how do we really know if the patient is suffering from adrenal gland insufficiency. This what you can see here is the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is stimulating the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and the pituitary gland does that by producing the ACTH. That is the adrenocorticotropic hormone. So, If this pituitary gland is not producing the ACTH then the adrenal gland will not be stimulated to produce the cortisol so if the ACTH is not produced and the problems are here well then that is the secondary form of adrenal gland insufficiency and the primary form of adrenal glands efficiency is when the problem is in the adrenal gland itself. So, That is why it makes sense to measure ACTH hormone levels because ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland. Cortisol levels should also be measured because cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland. Adrenal gland is also producing aldosterone and androgens and because of that it makes sense to look for issues with these hormones as well but even when we’re not looking for these hormonal. Imbalances regular blood tests could reveal issues as well. Low cortisol levels are associated with low blood sugar levels. The adrenal gland also produces aldosterone and what aldosterone does it helps bring back some of the sodium and water from the primary urine back into the bloodstream that way it can elevate the blood pressure. It also helps the body get rid of the potassium and it is obvious here why reduction of aldosterone can cause blood pressure to drop? So, If the patient suffers from hyperpigmentation and some of these other symptoms. It might be smart to measure the patient’s blood pressure but even if we assume that the patient is suffering from some form of adrenal gland insufficiency whether it’s primary or secondary and even if we get the cortisol levels measured. It can happen that the cortisol levels do not reveal a diagnosis right away as if figuring out all of these mechanisms here and symptoms wasn’t enough but yes measuring additionally 11 deoxycortisol might be required. The 11 deoxycort is measured to diagnose impaired cortisol synthesis to find out the enzyme deficiency that cause this impairment and also to differentiate adrenal gland disorders that’s why we need a skilled doctor to do that it’s really hard to assume all of these things based on some subtle symptoms that might appear or they don’t have to appear. A skilled endocrinologist should be able to deal with such large combinations of symptoms as well as to figure out which lab results we need and how to analyze them. This was just one condition that can cause hyperpigmentation and many organs were involved in the pathological development of hyperpigmentation and the underlying condition causes of hyperpigmentation can be many and treatments as well as diagnosis procedures of these conditions can differ significantly. Both of you doctors and patients, We have something for you. If you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you need more help with hyperpigmentation then go to symtomsky.com/help/hyperpigmentation

Gaining weight is one of the most frustrating things. Because, we can just see it happen and because it is us who take the food and eat it and because we do it. One might even assume well. we have full control over it and yet it still happens. But, If gaining weight comes also with low energy and depression. It might make sense to investigate the cardiovascular health and status of the patient and perform other diagnostics in search of a thyroid disease. This is the thyroid gland. It can be found in the area of the neck. Hypothyroidism is what we define as an underactive thyroid gland. The case where our own body is using our own immune system to produce antibodies which then attack the thyroid gland is one of the most common causes of hypothyroidism. The antibodies are the dpo antibodies and tg antibodies. The thyroid gland is producing the fd4 and fd3 hormones. But normally, If we suspect hypothyroidism. There is no need to right away test for these hormones because there is also a hormone called the TSH. TSH which stands for thyroid stimulating hormone. the TSH, That is the thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a small gland located in the human skull and if the fd3 and fd4 hormones are low then the pituitary gland can increase the production of the TSH. That way the thyroid gland will be more stimulated to increase the production of the ft3 and fd4. If however, The fd3 and the fd4 are too high to elevate it then the pituitary gland can decrease the production of the TSH and that way stimulate the thyroid gland less. This way the pituitary gland controls the thyroid gland and it can happen that because of this increased production of the TSH. In case of hypothyroidism, The fd3 and fd4 levels appear normal because the thyroid gland was stimulated by the pituitary gland to produce more of them. Hypothyroidism should be investigated and despite these general symptoms that are not very specific. It should be diagnosed early on because the diagnostics are cheap as soon as a patient presents with these symptoms. It makes sense to test for TSH levels not only can we help the patient lose weight and treat depression in a successful way. Diagnosing hypothyroidism is really important because hypothyroidism is associated with other dangerous conditions. Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease which causes inflammation across the gastrointestinal tract. The addison’s disease is an insufficiency of the adrenal glands. Diabetes is a well-known condition and we are all pretty much aware of the dangers of developing diabetes. These conditions are dangerous and even lethal but both of you, Doctors and patients. We have something for you if you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you have more questions about hypothyroidism or obesity then go to symtomsky.com/help/obesity

Not every type of diabetes is the same. Yes! Every form of diabetes comes with an increase of glucose in the blood but the way this happens and why it happens is somewhat different. The consequences and dangers are also different as well as the prognosis so we usually differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus but there are also less commonly known types and forms of diabetes such as gestational diabetes and diabetes as a consequence of different other primary conditions. I would like to explain one truly important difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and how they threaten our health differently. Type 1 diabetes usually starts suddenly and it presents with ketoacidosis. Those are usually patients who were otherwise healthy and young but they have an acute ketoacidosis coupled with polyuria and leg pain or cramps. Patients presenting with ketoacidosis normally breathe very deeply and they hyperventilate. the reason why these patients are hyperventilating is because their ph value is too low. Patients with type 1 diabetes have the pancreas that cannot produce insulin and this leads to this acute sudden onset of symptoms.Ppancreas is an organ that is located in the close proximity of the stomach right over there but because of this lack of insulin that pancreas is producing or at least is supposed to produce the glucose cannot actually leave the blood and go enter the cells of muscles such as biceps muscle over here. This is dangerous because glucose is a form of sugar and our body needs that sugar to burn it and that way gain energy from it. When this doesn’t happen the body and the cells in the body start burning fat instead of sugar and burning fat produces ketone bodies. These ketone bodies make our blood acidic and ultimately we call that condition ketoacidosis so because the blood is becoming more acidic.Oour body usually comes up with an answer to that and that is hyperventilation. By hyperventilating these patients can actually release co2 through the lungs and that way reduce the acidity of the blood. Co2 makes our blood more acidic. So, that’s what’s dangerous about type 1 diabetes. The patients cannot produce insulin at all it causes acute symptoms and then ultimately it can cause coma and death but even though some risk factors have been identified such as vitamin d deficiency or viral infections. Patients usually have no idea why they got this type 1 diabetes and they cannot explain what caused it. It just happens suddenly. It is heartbreaking to realize and to discover that you suffer from diabetes even though up until then everything was fine and health was maybe even in its best possible shape and state. So, Type 1 diabetes sounds scary one cannot dispute that but type 1 diabetes is treated more easily and it can be treated very successfully if the patients are compliant and if their therapy was applied in an appropriate way. The prognosis is overall not that bad. In fact, It’s good one of the reasons why prognosis is good for type 1 diabetes is because there is no resistance to insulin the body simply lacks insulin but other than that if we provide that body with insulin then it should be okay. The type 2 diabetes is somewhat different.Nnormally, In the early stage of type 2 diabetes, The patients become more and more resistant to insulin and the pancreas in fact is producing more insulin that it normally would be producing. It is harder to treat and it cannot be cured. This insulin resistance gets worse and worse and the insulin that is produced by the pancreas loses its effectiveness. This glucose simply remains in the blood and it doesn’t reach the peripheral organs such as the muscles and it happens so even if the pancreas is trying to compensate for that by producing more insulin. The onset of this disease is not acute or sudden. The patients usually don’t even realize that something is wrong that their glucose levels are actually elevated. These symptoms are subtle and the development of this condition happens slowly over the course of many years basins are usually becoming more obese and they start losing their eyesight. Their nerves become more and more damaged. They experience the so-called diabetic neuropathy. So, Type 1 diabetes attacks our health suddenly but it is easier to manage later on. Type 2 diabetes develops slowly but it is harder and harder to treat at as the condition progresses. Both of these conditions should be treated promptly because that significantly increases the patient’s life expectancy and life quality doctors and patients, We have something for you. If you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you have more questions about diabetes then go to simptomsky.com/help/diabetes