Posts by Symptomsky

Now, If you’ve been diagnosed with any sort of hemolysis, Before I explain you what’s wrong with your erythrocytes, that is the red blood cells. I have to explain what is hemolysis to begin with then it’s going to be easier for us to understand what is causing it or what might cause it. I want to especially mention one particular cause, So When you’re a doctor then you have to explain things to people in simple terms. So, Instead of using these complicated words such as destruction of hemolysis, We can just say destruction of your red blood cells that’s basically what it means destruction or a shorter life span of your red blood cells and these red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen. So, This is what they normally look like, There, They sort of look like this. If we look at them from the side and they’re basically responsible for carrying oxygen to your brain and well if you have lack of these blood cells then obviously you can get a whole bunch of symptoms. These blood cells not only get to your brain, They get to your heart, They get to your kidneys, They basically reach almost any part of your body. So, A red blood cell is a cell which has protein inside of it, it’s called hemoglobin. So, Let’s assume this is the protein hemoglobin and this protein is responsible for carrying the oxygen and it does so by binding oxygen to itself and then it brings this fresh oxygen from the lungs, right! from the lungs, it brings it to our brain and that is one of the really beneficial things of these erythrocytes. That oxygen is not spread through some sort of diffusion or something but instead your blood is not just fluid. It has these little carriers which can take oxygen and bring it up there. So, It’s not just that a fluid goes through your lungs and that’s it. No, There are special carriers that can carry the oxygen. So, It’s such a complicated process in which so many structures are involved and I’m trying to simplify it and a lot of things can actually go wrong. So, for example, You could have a bleeding in your internal organs. For example, especially in your guts and that could cause anemia and your blood count, the Red Cell blood count, would drop. You would have a lack of these blood cells and you would end up not having enough of oxygen in your peripheral organs, In your peripheral or in the peripheral parts of your body. Well, Another thing is, for example, you could simply end up not having molecules that are required to build this cell to begin with right end. One example is a vitamin B12. For example vitamin B12 and it is often so that vegans and vegetarians can lack that vitamin and hey, I’m not against vegans or vegetarians. I myself promote not eating meat. The only meat I eat is fish and I’m trying to promote not to eat meat because it’s bad for environment but it’s bad for these animals because they’re tortured in these factories. So, I have nothing against vegans but the fact remains that they do it is in the studies. We see that vegans do lack vitamin B12. Now, lacking this vitamin can actually reduce the number of cells that can carry this hemoglobin but when a doctor diagnoses you with a, let’s say corpuscular hemolytic anemia and then that means that there is something wrong with your erythrocytes and it is causing their early destruction. Right, So if I diagnose you with corpuscular anemia, well a corpuscular or hemolytic anemia, that means that nothing came here and destroyed. The erythrocyte or there, We have and it also means that we had enough of things to actually build it to begin with the problem is within the erythrocyte itself. So, Let’s assume this is a red blood cell and it looks like one and inside of that we have this hemoglobin, Right. The red blood cell also has a membrane and this membrane is every cell. In a human body, has a membrane but besides these structures inside of this cell, they are enzymes, Right. The enzymes are proteins that are responsible for doing a whole variety of functions and one example. One such example is glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or pyruvate kinase. Basically, All of these cellular parts that I have Illustrated can actually cause a hemolysis, but all of these causes result in similar symptoms. Those are the symptoms of anemia. For example, There are issues with membrane of the red blood cell and it can cause these red blood cells. They have a weird shape so for example they can have an elliptic shave or a spherical shape to know more about how to distinguish between these different causes of hemolytic anemia. You can go to our website simtomsky.com/help/anemia and there if you have more questions, If you want to know more about anemia, If you’re diagnosed with anemia then then you’re at the right spot.

Menstrual disturbance usually happens to older women and it can be frightening, But also it can be a sign of health problems. It can if it happens to younger females, When menstrual disturbances caused by some underlying condition. We usually expect to see other symptoms and now I want to talk about one other symptom which indicates, that the cause of menstrual disturbance is adrenal hyperplasia. This is the adrenal gland. This gland is responsible for production of different hormones and it also produces testosterone. We usually think of men when we talk about testosterone but, Yes! Females also produce testosterone and they do it with the help of this gland. This gland also produces cortisol, that is the stress hormone and during cortisol production an enzyme called 21 Hydroxylase plays an important role, A mutation of genes coding for this enzyme can result in an enzyme defect and if that happens, The hormone we just named cortisol cannot be produced sufficiently, Usually, The human body tries to compensate for these defects or somehow bypass them in this case. An organ found inferiorly through the human brain the Pituitary Gland which produces a hormone called the ACT. ACT stands for adrenocorticotropic hormone and it stimulates the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol and also grow in size and become larger. This growth of the adrenal gland is called hyperplasia and therefore this condition is also called adrenal hyperplasia and while this way the body is trying to compensate and produce more cortisol, the larger adrenal gland can also produce more hormones such as testosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. These hormonal disturbances then result in menstrual disturbances. Furthermore, It causes an increase and an abnormal hair growth in females. Humans have adrenal glands on both sides of their body and right underneath these adrenal glands are the kidneys. This enzyme defect in the adrenal glands not only affects the genitals in here, it also affects kidneys. Adrenal glands produce a hormone called aldosterone and this hormone helps the body keep more water and sodium in the bloodstream. This is done in kidneys and that way the body can regulate the blood pressure. This defect of 21 hydroxylase enzyme not only prevents the proper production of cortisol but also aldosterone as well and therefore because the patient lacks aldosterone, All the water and sodium from urine cannot be reabsorbed into the bloodstream by a losing sodium and water. The fatal and dangerous salt-wasting syndrome can happen. So, not only can this condition cause menstrual problems and problems in relation to visual appearance of the patient. It can also endanger patients life. Diagnostics for this condition and the interpretation of diagnostic results should only be performed by competent and an educated professional. Both of you doctors and patients, We have something for you, If you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you’re a patient and you have more questions about adrenal hyperplasia then go to symptomsky.com/help/adrenal-hyperplasia

How to strengthen your bones? That is always the question. Strong bones can prevent fractures and also having proper bone health can help combat osteoporosis in the future. Strong bone health is good for pretty much anyone because fractures can happen anytime anywhere. The femur, This is the longest bone in the human body. Having this bone fractured can not only leave one paralyzed but it can also cause excessive bleeding and ultimately death, but what is a bone? we have to understand a few things about bones. Well bones are solid strong structures and they basically give the human body the shape It has. They can do this because they consist of crystallized Matrix made out of hydroxyapatite and this gives the bones an Incredible strength and rigidity this crystallized hydroxyapatite makes up to 70 percent of the weight of the bone. This crystallized Matrix in the bones and Bones themselves are built by the osteoblasts. These cells are capable of creating proteins and crystallizing the Matrix in which they themselves but also proteins remain embedded. Now, The osteoblasts are building the bone but the cells called osteoclasts are performing the resorption of the old bone tissue or damaged bone fragments. Now, It is perfectly normal to have osteoblasts through their work and the osteoclasts do their work and it is estimated that within 10 years, The entire bone structure of a human changes and it is rebuilt by the osteoblasts again, clearly this gives us an open window where we can do something about our bones health. So, one of the main factors that can help us increase the bone strength and density is exercise. All the bones in your body experience constant change in rebuilding but imagine what would happen if you would be sitting in your chair for 10 years and not using your bones at all? What would stimulate these osteoblasts to actually perform all this heavy work of building bones again when you’re not even using them? Human body is smart and it would try to save the nutrients and energy for other things where they are needed. However if you exercise or do workout and your muscles do exert force on these bones by pulling them in a certain direction. Well then these osteoblasts and osteoclasts can sense that and they can increase their work to rebuild and strengthen your bones but providing these cells with a stimulus, it’s not enough. These cells the osteoblasts well they have to use something to build this bone material and that something includes cheese milk and other phosphate and calcium-rich foods. So, Yes! your diet is also important another factor that can help make the bones more rigid and strong is Sun exposure. Well, Sun exposure helps build the vitamin D and vitamin D itself is a hormone that strengthens the bones but it also boosts testosterone and testosterone also strengthens the bones and makes them more rigid. A small amount of sun exposure can do you a whole lot of good if however these things do not help you save your bone health and you still experience pathological bone changes then other options are available such as bisphosphonate medication bphosphonates are an anti-resorptive type of medication and they help prevent these osteoclasts from destroying the bone structure. Normally, We would see a resorption markers such as trap5b and the ntx or CTX collagen reduced if the therapy is successful but besides reducing the process of resorption of the bone. we can also help increase the formation of the bone by these osteoblasts. We can do that with the help of a medication called teriperatide. We would expect to see an increase of formation markers such as bsap and pi and P because a treatment of bone related issues can include therapy options without medication but also with different types of medication. It can be really hard to figure out what kind of therapy is appropriate, These decisions have to be made by evaluating clinical examination but also lab and Medical Imaging results this can only be performed by a skilled and educated medical professional who knows what to look for. Medical professionals and patients, We have something for you. If you are a medical professional and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you are a patient and you have more questions about bones fractures or osteoporosis then go to simtomsky.com/help/osteoporosis

This artery over here is the aorta, the biggest artery. It leaves the heart superiorly over here. Hypertension, that is an increase of blood pressure can damage this artery and when it’s damaged under hypertension. It is prone to development of atherosclerotic changes. It is not rare that atherosclerosis almost completely closes the aorta and if atherosclerosis and hypertension can do that to a large artery such as aorta, imagine what it can do to smaller arteries. Smaller arteries Supply brain with fresh oxygenated blood. They also Supply the human heart with fresh oxygenated blood. Now, It is not surprising that hypertension is associated with dangerous lethal and deadly outcomes such as heart failure, stroke and heart attack. We mostly don’t know what causes hypertension but there are good ways to treat it and despite having different types of medication to treat hypertension. This sometimes, We simply cannot get that blood pressure under control in such cases. It is extremely important to properly and completely perform Diagnostics and search for an underlying condition that is causing all the trouble and as I said the cause of hypertension is usually not known. But in some cases, Especially when oral medication fails. It could be that some dangerous underlying condition. Indeed is the cause of hypertension as if all the stress and suffering wasn’t enough as if this single diagnosis of hypertension wasn’t enough sadly that can be the case and a skilled doctor is supposed to ask about specific symptoms such as muscle weakness or reduce agility and obstipation. Now, before I explain why specifically these symptoms in combination with hypertension. I have to ask you something. You see YouTube and other websites they suggest videos based on likes and subscriptions. So to help me reach more people who suffer from hypertension please like And subscribe like you can do it now only if you want to but now back to these symptoms. why specifically these symptoms? Well, Because when they are when they appear in combination with hypertension. They indicate a presence of a condition called the conns syndrome. This is a condition in which adrenal glands right above kidneys produce too much aldosterone. Now aldosterone is a hormone which causes sodium and water retention in the kidneys and because of all this sodium and water the volume of blood is simply larger and it causes an increase of blood pressure and because of this increase of blood pressure patients can suffer from a heart attack or a stroke or a heart failure. All of these conditions are dangerous and deadly. However a skilled doctor should be able to recognize this condition early on and patients should receive an appropriate therapy. There are great ways to diagnose this condition and there are more indications that it might be present. There are also great ways to treat it. Both of you doctors and patients we have something for you if you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these and then go to anatomsky.com but if you’re a patient and you have more questions about hypertension then go to simtomsky.com/help/hypertension

Bone fractures are something that we can treat successfully most of the time. However, If not treated properly in the long run, You might have long lasting damaging and possibly irreversible consequences, complications of bone fractures are many but besides these acute complications such as bleeding, Patients who do not get proper treatment could end up with joint stiffness, pain and lack of movement in certain joints but also dangerous and possibly deadly conditions such as osteomyelitis. But, What is the proper treatment for your bone fracture? Successful fracture treatment depends on many things and so many doctors and therefore, one size fits, all can definitely not work in this case. For example, This over here is the femur. the longest bone of the human body. Proximally, It articulates with the hip bone and it creates the hip joint distally. It articulates with the tibia to create the knee joint. Now, I want to explain certain things that matter when it comes to bone fractures. On this bone as an example, Around this longest bone of the human body, We can find many arteries and hear the biggest artery around it would be the femoral artery. We can also find the femoral nerve at the proximity of the femoral bone, If a fractured or a luxative femur bone is not repositioned early on during the transportation to the clinic. It can leave arteries and nerves permanently damaged but that’s just one detail and many of these decisions have to be made quickly because most of the time fractures are acute cases. I will explain six things that really matter when it comes to treating bone fractures. Things that have a long-term impact on how well the bones will heal. So, The first thing that really matters is where anatomically the fracture actually took place. An adult human body contains 206 bones and these bones can be small, big, short, long and even flat such as the scapula that is the shoulder blade. The second thing that truly matters, When it comes to fractures is the pattern of the fracture. A case in which the fracture happens parallel to the bones long axis would be defined as a linear fracture. A transverse fracture has a 90 degrees angle in relation to the long axis of the bone but those are just two very simple bone fracture patterns and we can further identify an impacted fracture. Compression fracture and a spiral fracture and so on. So, I wanted to include one more thing here in these numbers, that is not directly medically related to bone fractures. But I’m just going to explain it. It won’t be in the numbers, that thing is really important and it’s providing proper information to the patients and explaining them things about their bone fractures. In order for us to do that our videos should be suggested and promoted by YouTube but that will not take place unless, we get enough of likes and subscriptions. So, before I explain. The third thing you can go ahead and subscribe down there to this channel. You can click down there to do that and like this video. I mean only if you want to and now back to the third thing. That’s important if you’re already subscribed and those are the fragments. This which you can see here is a close-up illustration of the knee joint. Here is the tibia and the fibula and here you can see the femur, the distal part of the femur bone, that is this part over here, as the bone fractures it can happen that a fragment of the bone is partially or a completely separated from the bone. In certain cases, Multiple fragments can be present and this further complicates the surgery and the prognosis. The fourth thing I’d like to explain is a possible displacement of the bone. A fractured bone can be displaced and if it’s just moved sideways, We refer to that as a translated fracture. A fracture in which the bone is tilted in a certain way, a fracture in which the bone is tilted in a certain way is defined as an angulated fracture rotation of the bone can also be present in a displaced type of fracture. The fifth thing that really matters is whether the joint creating parts of the bone also fractured, the joints can be partially involved or they can be a complete separation of the joint from the rest of the bone. Treating these fractures is much harder and it is extremely important to do this properly because articular cartilage of the joints has limited recovery capabilities. You probably forgot what was explained at the beginning of this video but it was mentioned that arteries and nerves can be damaged in bone fractures and it is sometimes absolutely mandatory to reposition the bones even before the patient reaches the clinic, in order to protect these structures damaged nerves can cause chronic pain and paresthesia. But, it is this possible immobility and loss of movement that is really scary. Another reason why soft tissue involvement matters is because skin acts as a protective layer, protecting the bones and joints from the outside contamination. An open fracture is a fracture in which the Bones have been exposed because of the damage to the skin and the soft tissues that normally cover and protect the bones. This increases the chances of contamination and infection dramatically. In some cases, Every third open fracture experiences an infection after the fixation of the fractured bone. So, The six things that truly matter when it comes to bone fractures are the anatomical position of the bone fracture that is where the fracture actually took place. Furthermore, The question, whether fragments are present is important and if the fracture also involves joint surfaces then we have to know the pattern of the fracture which in this case would be the transverse. Pattern of the fracture also a displacement of the fractured bone is important and soft tissue involvement where arteries and nerves can be damaged or if the skin is damaged we might be dealing with an opened fracture which can easily be infected because of all of these factors. Bone fractures can be extremely different from one another and therefore diagnostic requirements are also different in most of the cases. All we need is an X-Ray Scan and a CT scan but some fractures can be noticed on an MRI scan and not on an X-Ray Scan. So, What should be done about a fracture before the patient reaches the clinic, during the surgery and after the surgery, during the recovery must be decided with proper understanding and analyzing of all of these factors as if that wasn’t enough. Additional factors not really directly related to the fracture itself must be considered as well. We must have proper bone density and quality in order to use certain implants or joint replacements. Patients must be compliant and willing to go through long periods of recovery if the chosen treatment option requires that so because of all of these factors, it is really smart to always get a second opinion. We can all benefit from videos like these if you’re a doctor and you want to make a similar video then go to anatomsky.com but if you have more questions about bone fractures then go to this link symptomskey.com/help/bone-fracture