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Now , I want to talk about something really interesting and that is gluten. Well, You see gluten. It’s gluten. It’s a molecule just like all the other molecules that we eat but some people have this thing called celiac disease whereas others are simply sensitive to gluten or intolerant. It is not that common among doctors to confuse these two conditions but patients do confuse them very often and they often come up with questions, what am i allowed to eat? what am i not allowed to eat? Of course, There are ways to see if the doctor has misdiagnosed this condition and in reality the patient does not have celiac disease but rather simply gluten sensitivity. One important barrier in figuring out which one of these two conditions. The patient has is that both of these conditions are very common. The sensitivity is well, It has the prevalence of around five percent whereas the celiac disease has the prevalence of around one percent right so because of these numbers, It is simply easier to assume the patient most likely has gluten sensitivity and that’s where mistakes can happen that is why it is not smart to diagnose patients with gluten sensitivity without proper diagnostics. It could be that they’re here in these one percent who actually do have the celiac disease. It often comes as a pro surprise to many patients that if they have this gluten sensitivity. right? They don’t have to avoid gluten at all costs and completely but they can just reduce. Right, Reduce the amount of gluten intake and that will reduce their symptoms as well. So, What are these symptoms actually and how can we differentiate between sensitivity and celiac disease you see. Let’s start with gluten sensitivity. So, Gluten sensitivity it comes with well! it comes with bloating right and also pain in the abdomen right so bloating and pain but if we look at the celiac disease over here which is a little bit less common right. Well, It also comes with bloating and pain so how can we tell these conditions apart?

one well if we look at the symptoms right. They do come with similar symptoms but there are additional symptoms and these symptoms they don’t come always at the same time they have a different way the way. They appear, so, for example if a patient additionally has a diarrhea it can happen that the patient has the celiac disease most commonly patients with celiac disease also have diarrhea but if the symptoms start right after a meal well then that is indicating that the patient is suffering from sensitivity. So, Let’s say i eat something it goes down into my stomach and then into my intestines and then eventually the symptoms start well i’m most likely sensitive to gluten but ultimately with these conditions one can never appropriately get a diagnosis without biopsy right biopsy is the final tool that gives us a diagnosis in a histological examination of a patient with gluten sensitivity. We can actually find pretty much normal histology that means we will not see any pathological changes in the cells or the structure of the tissue whereas patient with this so-called celiac disease. will have pathological changes upon examination and that is a the real way to diagnose a patient with one of these conditions. There are other symptoms which are also indicators of celiac disease well and these actually include malnutrition anemia for example you can notice that the patient has anemia by just looking at his skin and if the skin is pale or if the lips are pale well then you could assume that the patient has anemia of course it requires additional tests and examinations but patients with celiac disease also suffer from osteoporosis or infertility additionally for example skin inflammation can be present in many patients so if you have more questions about these conditions well then you can go to uh well wait a minute if you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you’re a patient and you have questions about gluten sensitivity well then you can actually go to then you can go to symtomsky.com slash help slash gluten hyphen sensitivity okay simdomski dot com slash help slash gluten hyphen sensitivity both doctors and patients and audience can subscribe to this channel and like our video so both of these things subscribe to our channel and like our video or you could also share it additionally so these three things subscribe like and share it’s going to help us a lot a lot of people suffer from these symptoms they don’t really know what they have they don’t really know where who to talk to and you know there are millions of diseases so we have identified 50 000 of them in humans you know but who knows how many more diseases they are so doctors cannot know everything so if you know somebody who has these symptoms then you can share it and maybe they’re gonna figure it out eventually so you can help us help other people.

If your child has experienced bacterial infections, You might have treated it with antibiotics. It might have worked but there might also be an underlying condition that has never been resolved or diagnosed.

One such particular condition can be so dangerous and result in a deadly outcome of the patient. In search of an underlying condition that would cause these infections, We should look for signs such as tiredness and if child complains often about being tired or if it simply shows that that it’s tired. Aother sign we might look for is right over here. It is the paleness of the skin.

But this does not help us much if the child generally is pale by its nature if the doctor missed these additional symptoms. Well, the consequences can be deadly and search for the cause of this infection is not enough to just say oh! Well, It was a bacterial infection. We treated it even if they know what kind of bacteria it was. Something has made the child’s immune system weak and something has allowed an infection from one place maybe to spread to other parts of the body or to increase it at one spot we can find bacteria almost everywhere where we would try we would be able to find bacteria in the human body. So, They don’t always get the chance to grow and expand because we have our immune system that fights them. We also have these good bacterias that actually grow and help us preserve our in bodily integrity. They help us digest food for example so these bad bacterial organisms they cannot easily take over like that we must know what is causing all of that but what could cause a problem for a child to be in such danger or to be prone to develop infections. A skilled doctor should be able to recognize these additional symptoms and to order the following lab tests the lab tests are the ldh that is the electate dehydrogenase also hemoglobin which is basically a protein in our red blood cells and reticulocyte cell count in the blood. Right then, If these tests show an increase in the reticulocyte cell count ldh as well if the ldh is increased and yet hemoglobin is decreased. The doctor should order a microscopic examination of the blood cells and that is where the answer might be. I will not go into explaining these lab tests further but i will say quickly that they indicate a disease called sickle cell anemia. You see there is a disease called sickle cell anemia and it can cause your child to be tired or to have bacterial infections more often than other kids that might be a trouble for you now but in the future the disease can cause. Well, It can cause lung damage basically the lungs could be affected and it can result in your child’s death it can also cause heart failure. So, When we talk about sickle cell anemia we have to understand what it is well it’s a hemoglobinopathy. we already mentioned hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia is a hemoglobinopathy. In other words, Hemoglobin a protein in our red blood cells so red blood cells look something like this like a disc. This hemoglobin protein will just illustrate it like that it’s responsible for carrying oxygen from our lungs to the peripheral parts of the body such as the hand the head the brain and everything else so this hemoglobin is basically supplying the body with oxygen the red blood cells instead of looking like a disc what i have just illustrated here they kind of look like this in patients who do have this sickle cell anemia now they also can have obviously they have hemoglobin and they carry oxygen but there is a problem with these cells those are not healthy cells you see you have you can have a small blood vessel and a normal red blood cell can be squeezed through it because of its shape so something like this it can go through it right but in patients who suffer from sickle cell anemia this can happen.

All right, So these cells actually cannot sometimes go through small blood vessels because they kind of stick to each other and they are not able to change their form or be squeezed through the blood vessel the way a normal cell can. So, to simply put it. These cells can get stuck in small arteries and they can prevent blood from flowing to the distal organs, The peripheral organs of our body. This can affect any organ right every single part of our body requires blood whether it’s the biceps muscle or the brain or the eyes every part of our body requires blood so they can affect any org and therefore this disease can damage the brain of course the kidneys the kidneys and ultimately lifes, life of a child is in danger something so silly such as a small bacterial infection that was treated with a pill or simply pale skin you know things we are used to things that are common yet it can indicate something so grave that can leave permanent damage to the patient’s lungs heart and life. Luckily, There are many treatment options but sadly this condition is not often not diagnosed early enough so if you want to know more about sickle cell anemia then you can go to symtomsky.com/help/anemia and there you can find a lot a lot of stuff about anemia you could also go to anatomsky.com if you’re a doctor or student and you want to make videos like these.

Well both of you actually doctors patients can help us we’re trying to help you and other patients with this condition you can help us you can subscribe to our channel. I know it sounds generic subscribe to our channel like the video but if you subscribe to our channel more people can find out about this condition and you can also like the video that significantly increases the chance of patients who do have these symptoms realizing that they have this condition.

Men who experience erectile dysfunction or impotence and females who experience infertility might have more in common than they realize while penis and vagina are indeed different organs. Most of other organs in females and males are actually pretty much the same when it comes to human biochemistry. We often tend to assume that certain molecules or hormones are related only to females or males but that’s not the case. So, For example, Men have estrogen just as women do and females have testosterone. What makes them different is the concentration of these hormones. Another hormone associated often with females only is a hormone called prolactin because it helps produce milk for breastfeeding in the human body. There is a place called the hypothalamus right over here. This hypothalamus is sort of like a beginning for hormonal production. Hypothalamus produces a hormone called the DRH that is the thyroid releasing hormone. This thyroid-releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary gland over here. This is the pituitary gland. This was the hypothalamus, The pituitary gland is like a mediator between the hypothalamus and many other glands in the human body. This, Which you can see here is the sagittal section of the human brain and therefore we can see these organs. Now, This pituitary gland for example produces a hormone called the thyroid stimulating hormone that is the TSH. The tsh then stimulates the thyroid gland and the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which in return then affect the hypothalamus. If the thyroid gland is very active and then the hypothalamus will produce less trh and therefore the pituitary gland will produce less of the tsh. So, That’s why the pituitary gland here is sort of like a mediator. This thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus also does something that can cause both females and males to experience the sexual dysfunction. No matter how complicated human biochemistry is and how different the genital organs of females and males appear to be in millions and millions and billions of molecules and biochemical cycles. There is this one molecule, one hormone that can cause sexual dysfunction for both females and males. Many people suffer from sexual dysfunction. So, to help me reach more people and spread this information please subscribe to this channel and like this video and now let’s explain how that one hormone can cause these issues in both females and males but first subscribe and like the video. Now, I have already mentioned that hormone and that is the prolactin. It is produced by the pituitary gland and that’s why we have explained the pituitary gland and its production is stimulated by the thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Further possible indications that something might be wrong are headaches and issues with field of sight and vision. Well, Now this can happen to young patients as well and it can be horrifying experiencing. Sexual dysfunction as a young person something that cannot be easily noticed from the outside can ruin the patient’s life from the inside. It can be devastating to the patient’s mental health and future life prospects. Experiencing sexual dysfunction can be quite embarrassing for young adults so they might wonder what is my partner going to think about it or am i going to lose my partner. Well, It can be embarrassing for elderly as well and as if that wasn’t enough diagnosing the cause of these issues can be hard as well figuring out where the problem is can be quite challenging. So, For example, Just performing an mri or a ct scan of the pituitary gland might not always be helpful and just measuring the concentration of prolactin in the blood can also sometimes reveal normal results. There are special procedures in endocrinology and stimulation and suppression tests that can be used and here we have a test called the prolactin stimulation test and that test also might reveal some pathological changes and while a lot of people can assume that something is wrong because they had a surgery or trauma or an injury in this region. This condition can be caused by very general things such as stress or a whole variety of medication commonly prescribed by doctors establishing a diagnosis and a treatment plan can be quite challenging but it is possible and it can and it should be done a successful treatment of this condition depends a lot on whether the doctor is competent and professional enough. Both of you doctors and patients, We have something for you. If you are a medical professional and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you’re a patient and you’re interested or you have more questions about sexual dysfunction and then go to symtomsky.com/help/sexual-dysfunction

Some people complain that they often have to go to the toilet but also they are thirsty all the time. In fact, I knew a female friend of mine and she always had to go to the toilet and it was really so obvious that everybody realized that just having nights out with our friends or hanging out. She couldn’t control it and if we were out in the open and there were no public restrooms. She had to really separate rey from the group all very often and just seek for a place where nobody can see her. I can imagine that it was embarrassing for her because everybody noticed it and they just questioned. Well, What’s wrong with her? Why does she always have to do that, In medical terms, We call this polyurea that is excessive urination and there was a reason why she experienced that her kidneys were damaged and kidney damage is often irreversible and it is important to prevent it but this was not something she knew at the time but before we jump to conclusions and we assume that every polyurea is caused by kidney damage. We have to understand how the body loses water and releasing urine from the body is not the only reason why we feel thirsty and it’s not the only way we lose water. Human body can lose water when producing sweat and sweat has to cool down the body and control the temperature. So, if someone is working out a lot or lives in a warm climate that may be the explanation why the person experiences a thirst more often but you’re not supposed to experience the urge to urinate too often if you’re sweating too much. In fact, If you sweat too much your urine should be more concentrated so that is one indication that something might be wrong if you feel thirsty but you’re also urinating a lot. The urine might not be concentrated enough and that could indicate that there is some organ failure for example kidneys or some other disease or a failure of other organs. So, Yes kidney damage might be one of the explanations for polyuria but patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease lose their ability to filter urine out of the blood and therefore we would not expect to see polyuria in such patients. Furthermore, There are other explanations why patients might be experiencing polyuria. There are many people who suffer from polyuria and to help me reach these people and spread this information. Please like the video and subscribe to the channel and when you do that i hope you’re going to do it now. I will explain other causes for polyurea there is one truly common cause for polyuria and one not so common but very interesting completely irrelevant of what is causing this polyurea. It should be diagnosed early on so that we can treat it but very often also prevent a dangerous or a lethal outcome this extremely common cause for polyuria is diabetes in patients. With diabetes mellitus type 1 and to the pancreas is either not producing enough of insulin into the body or the body has simply become immune to insulin. Now, What does insulin do? Insulin helps absorb glucose from the bloodstream into the cells of brain muscles and other organs but once that does not happen. The concentration of glucose in the bloodstream spikes and the kidneys are normally supposed to reabsorb the glucose from the urine back into the bloodstream. So, Here is the urine and from the urine back into the bloodstream that’s what kidneys do but since the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream is already elevated so much the kidneys are not able to do that anymore so because the glucose remains in the urine instead of being reabsorbed into the blood. It actually pulls more water from the bloodstream into the urine. In medicine we define this as high osmolality urine because the concentration of glucose is elevated. It’s really important not to lose the orientation and understanding of what are we actually looking for here? We’re trying to figure out what can cause polyurea and based on this description of urine we said that urine with high osmolality and a high concentration of glucose can be caused by diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2. that is however not always the case and the concentration of urine can be reduced while the volume is increased.wW are talking about low osmolality polyurea. This organ over here is associated with diabetes insipidus and just like diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus can cause polyuria but this time polyuria with hypoosmolality. This organ over here is the pituitary gland and the pituitary gland produces a hormone called antidiuretic hormone that is the ADH. Now, A diuretic is a type of medication or a substance that causes increased urination. So, This anti-diuretic hormone which is produced in the pituitary gland does exactly the opposite. The antidiuretic hormone helps absorb the water from the urine back into the bloodstream. You see kidneys they don’t just release all the stuff out of the human and immediately keep everything that is needed. It’s a process. The urine is filtered out of the blood but then glucose and water are taken back into the bloodstream and sugar and water that way is preserved well. We can get rid of the urine and all the waste but at the same time preserve things that we actually have to drink and eat that’s pretty smart. This also causes urine to be concentrated to a certain degree and that is exactly where this adh hormone comes into play it helps reabsorb water from the urine back into the bloodstream. So, if the cause for polyuria is chronic kidney disease. It can be slowed down. If the cause for polyuria is diabetes mellitus it cannot be cured but it can be treated quite successfully. If the cause of polyuria is the lack of adh hormone then structural analogs of this hormone can be taken as a replacement diagnostics for polyurea. We should not only consider these three causes causes for polyuria are many and proper and complete diagnostics can be performed only by a skilled professional who’s looking for specific additional signs or symptoms. Both of you doctors and patients, We have something for you. If you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you have more questions about polyuria then go to symtomsky.com/help/polyurea

We’ve all been there having a headache and not being able to work or concentrate because of it and mostly we just ignore it or just take some painkillers and go to sleep. But, Sometimes and not that rarely headache can be a symptom of a more dangerous underlying condition. It should be always recognized if these symptoms are in a combination with other symptoms such as anxiety, racing heart or tahicardia. This combination indicates that something might be wrong with hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and the adrenal glands sit on top of kidneys. This can be truly dangerous because the condition that can mess up. These two hormones has a mortality rate of almost 100 percent if not diagnosed and treated. First of all this condition is hardly diagnosed by measuring adrenaline air nor adrenaline because these hormones fluctuate so much that a meaningful analysis it. It’s not quite possible so how can we diagnose what’s causing these adrenaline or nor adrenaline fluctuations and is something causing it at all before i explain this. I would like to ask you to do something for us. You see youtube and other websites suggest videos based on subscriptions and likes and yeah that’s what i was about to ask if you can please help us reach more people with these issues and spread the information and you can help us do that by subscribing now. Somewhere, There should be a button and liking the video. So, to properly diagnose this condition a skilled doctor should be able to assume the presence of a tumor of the adrenal gland called pheochromocytoma and that is the answer that we’ve been looking for. Phyochromocytoma can cause an increased secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline and diagnosing it, It’s not always easy one. Obstacle in diagnosing this condition is the inability to diagnose it by simply measuring adrenaline or adrenaline. We have to measure it indirectly by measuring metabolites because adrenaline and or adrenaline are fluctuating too much and as i’ve said a meaningful analysis it’s almost impossible. Furthermore, Medical imaging tests trying to visualize the tumor might reveal that tumor but a proper medical imaging test has to be chosen in a proper setting and so in my opinion, The first thing simply assuming that there might be a pheochromocytoma is the hardest obstacle in diagnosing. This condition simply questioning what might be causing this combination of symptoms and there is this thing called a triad and a triad is a combination of three symptoms that indicate a specific condition any tried for fear. Chromosotoma consists basically of headaches, night sweats and tachycardia. However, not all of the symptoms have to be caused and many of these symptoms are just general symptoms and that’s why a proper analysis of clinical presentation of the patient and of the constellation of symptoms is mandatory and it can only be performed in a competent way by a skilled medical professional. Both of you patients and doctors we have something for you. If you’re a doctor and you want to make videos like these then go to anatomsky.com but if you have more questions about fear chromosotoma then go to com symtomsky.com/help/fiochromosatoma