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There are different types of arthritis and we’ll get to that in a minute.

But first let’s focus on rheumatoid arthritis.

Where does it all go wrong?

This which you can see here are the B and T immune cells of the human body.

The B cells can produce the so called rheumatoid factor.

Rheumatoid factor is an antibody that can create complexes with other antibodies and

then deposit in the joints and contribute to the chronic inflammation of the joints.

The T cells of the immune system will not produce antibodies and rheumatoid factor, but

they can produce cytokines.

Cytokines are pro-inflammatory molecules that cause inflammation and destruction of the tissue and the joints.

But rheumatoid arthritis does not only cause inflammation of the synovial membrane around

the joints.

If I were to open my hand like this, you would be able to see the synovial membrane over

here as well, wrapping around the tendons of the muscles of the hand.

If the rheumatoid arthritis causes an inflammation of the synovial membrane around the tendons,

it can ultimately cause the tendon to rupture and this has to be quickly repaired.

Furthermore, if it causes the inflammation of the synovial membrane around the joint,

it can destroy the joint surfaces and this too can be repaired by simply removing the

synovial membrane and it can be done arthroscopically or through an open surgical approach.

If it’s not enough to treat rheumatoid arthritis with medication, we can look at surgical options

that are available. But we have to go all the way to the beginning where the inflammation starts.

Now what is this over here? This is a bone which with its head is articulating with another bone

and this constitutes a joint. Now this part over here is the joint capsule with the synovial membrane

and that is exactly where the inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis starts.

The mechanisms through which these cells cause damage to the joints are diverse.

But so are the mechanisms through which these drugs try to stop that.

So one size fits all definitely does not work here.

So let’s explain what osteoporosis is. And after we explain what it is, let’s explain some possible causes, besides aging and lower estrogen levels. And then let’s explain dangerous signs we should never ignore. So the loss of bones mass microarchitecture and density is defined as osteoporosis. This weakens even the strongest bones of the human body. And fractures of femur are one of the most dangerous fractures that the human body can experience. But osteoporosis does not only affect the pelvic bones, it also affects this over here. Well, this is not a dinosaur or a reptile. This what you can see here is the vertebral column of the human body.