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And now back to the third thing that’s important, if you already subscribed, and those are the

fragments. This, what you can see here, is a close-up illustration of the knee joint.

Here is the tibia and the fibula, and here you can see the femur, the distal part of the femur

bone, that is this part over here. As the bone fractures, it can happen that a fragment of the

bone is partially or completely separated from the bone. In certain cases, multiple fragments

can be present, and this further complicates the surgery and the prognosis.

We’ve all been there.

You cut

yourself and now there is an open

wound on your skin.

And you’re wondering,

should you go to a doctor

or let it heal on its own?

More importantly, what can go wrong?

Well, here are three things

that can go wrong in smaller

and larger wounds.

So let’s learn about these three things.

And let’s learn about dangerous signs

that help us identify

that one of those things

is possibly present.

This medical video with illustrations

and drawings

was created using anatomsky.com.

So if you want to make a similar video,

you can use that website.

But now back to our wound.

So here are the three things

that can go wrong with wounds and cuts.

Clostridium tetani Staphylococcus

aureus and blood loss

that can happen in small wounds as well.

All three of those complications

come with dangerous signs

we should recognize.

So the spores of Clostridium tetani,

that is a gram positive bacteria can be

found in animal poop and soil.

If a wound comes into

contact with animal poop,

bacteria will find a very nice strain

to grow.

A wound

contaminated with poop

and soil is a perfect breeding ground

for Clostridium tetani.

But it’s not Clostridium tetani directly

that causes

dangerous signs and symptoms

and possibly even death.

But instead it’s toxin

called tetanospasmin.

Even in smaller wounds

that are infected

with clostridium tetanospasmin toxin

can travel

through the peripheral

nerves, retrograde,

and enter

the central nervous system,

the spinal cord.

When tetanospasmin

produced in an infected wound, attacks

Renshaw cells in the spinal cord,

it causes rigid muscles,

and it does so

by attacking the SNARE protein.

The SNARE protein

helps release the vesicles

from the Renshaw cells.

And these vesicles

contain GABA and glycine,

which help

prevent spasms

and rigidity in the muscles.

So a wound infected with Clostridium

tetani can cause

rigidity and spasms all over your body,

most notably around your neck,

and can cause your neck

to become hyper extended.

Furthermore, it can cause your jaw

to be locked like this.

Furthermore,

it causes rigidity in facial muscles,

which can be recognized

by raised eyebrows.

Even a small wound infected

with Clostridium tetani, can cause life

threatening breathing problems and spasms

so strong

that the spine and bones fracture.

That’s why it’s important

to recognize dangerous

signs of infection,

because a vaccine booster shot

can be given even after the injury.

One more problem with wounds and cuts is

if you never do this for this video

or you never share it

on your social media,

so your family

and your friends

will never find out about the vaccine.

Staphylococcus aureus,

gram positive bacteria

usually known for infecting hair

follicles, can also infect wounds.

This can be recognized by a spreading

redness around the wound that is painful.

Furthermore, a

yellow pus could be present

and from there

bacteria can spread across the body

and attack different organs

in a condition called sepsis.

This condition is deadly.

There is a common sign

for both Clostridium Tetani infection

and Staphylococcus aureus infection.

But first, let us explain dangerous signs

that indicate a severe

bleeding of the wound

in dangerous life threatening wounds.

Blood might be spurting out of the wound,

and this indicates

a possible damage of an artery.

Furthermore, arterial damage

can be recognized

by pulsating or throbbing bleeding,

and patients

might experience lightheadedness

and pale skin as well as pale lips.

Both Clostridium

tetani and staphylococcus

aureus can cause fever,

and that is a warning sign

that the wound is infected

and possibly lethal.

This sign should never be ignored.

Maybe the most important thing

about wounds

and cuts

is to understand that

those are just some signs

of a deadly, dangerous wound.

There are more signs,

and to be properly informed, go here.

Symptomsky.com.

But if you’re

a medical doctor or a student

and you want to make a video

like this one, then go to Anatomsky.com.

The fourth thing I’d like to explain is a possible displacement of the bone.

A fractured bone can be displaced and if it’s just moved sideways, we refer to that

as a translated fracture. A fracture in which the bone is tilted in a certain way

is defined as an angulated fracture. Rotation of the bone can also be present

in a displaced type of fracture.

The fifth thing that really matters is whether the joint creating parts of the bone also

fractured. The joints can be partially involved or they can be a complete separation of the joint

from the rest of the bone. Treating these fractures is much harder and it is extremely

important to do this properly because the articular cartilage of the joints has limited

recovery capabilities.

But it was mentioned that arteries and nerves can be damaged in bone fractures, and it is

sometimes absolutely mandatory to reposition the bones even before the patient reaches

the clinic in order to protect these structures.

Damaged nerves can cause chronic pain and paresthesia, but it is this possible immobility

and loss of movement that is really scary.

Another reason why soft tissue involvement matters is because skin acts as a protective

layer protecting the bones and joints from the outside contamination.

An open fracture is a fracture in which the bones have been exposed because of the damage

to the skin and the soft tissues that normally cover and protect the bones.

This increases the chances of contamination and infection dramatically.